Flying Fox/Maa wawula (Pteropus giganteus)

Flying Fox or Maa Wawula in Sinhala is the largest bat in Sri Lanka with about 1.2m wingspan. It is distributed throughout the island excluding higher hills though it is a visitor to the higher hills during fruiting seasons. However  W.W.A Phillips noted that it appears to be absent, during the greater part of the year, from the Hambantota district (Phillips, 1980). Flying fox is a nocturnal mammal and has excellent night vision though it doesn't have echolocation like some other bats. During the day time it roosts communally in tall trees. Such a colony - usually located close to human habitations- may comprises hundreds or may be thousands of individuals. Flying fox exclusively feeds on soft pulp and juice of flowers and fruits (Excluding all citrus fruits) after solids are discarded having chewed the flesh. It covers immense distance in a night in foraging, ranging from 2 to 20kms. Often before feeding, it is said that they visit a river or lake to quench thirst, lapping up water as they glide over the surface (Phillips, 1980). Even though it is treated as a pest it also an invaluable pollinator of most fruit plants.

Scarlet firespike (Odontonema tubaeforme)

Native plant of South America. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in Sri Lankan home gardens and parks. 

Darter/Snake-Bird (Anhinga melanogaster)

An uncommon breeding resident of tanks, lagoons and large river habitats of dry lowlands. Rare in wet lowlands and hills. When swimming on the water surface it swims with only the head and neck exposed and hence its vernacular name snake-bird. It feed on fish and catches them with its needle-sharped bill while swimming under water. Darter often associates with other cormorants when feeding though solitary birds are not uncommon. It is expert diver as well as a powerful flier. It keeps neck fully extended during the flight. The breeding season is from December to March and it breeds in colonies often with other water birds, building a nest in trees near water.

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Black Kite (Milvus migrans)

An uncommon breeding resident in the northernmost part of the country supplemented with winter visitors to the same area during migrate season. Occasionally found in other areas of the island. It is mostly restricted to the coastal areas, especially to the coastal cities where it inhabits as small groups or solitary individuals. Black Kite is a scavenger and living mainly on scraps of food-refuse cast out from human habitations. It breeds from December to April and build a nest - an untidy mass of sticks – in the canopy of a tree or at the base of coconut frond. 

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Little Tern (Sternula albifrons)

A common breeding resident of coastal wet lands and inland tanks mainly of dry zone and visitor to the wet zone. It is the smallest of the terns inhabiting Sri Lanka. Little Tern mainly lives on fish and prawns. It is   probably some aquatic insects are also taken. It usually encounters as solitary birds though sometime widely scattered flocks are fishing in the same area. Little tern breeds in small colonies on  beaches, dry mud-flats and tank edges etc. from May to August. The 2-3 eggs are laid in a shallow scrape on open ground.

Little Stint/පුංචි සිලිවටුවා/පුංචි හින්නා[Punchi Siliwatuwa/Punchi Hinna] (Calidris minuta)

Little stint is a very common winter visitor to the coastal areas, lagoons, mud-flats, tank edges and salt pans mainly of the dry zone. Rare in wet zone. It lives in smaller to large flocks. When feeding at the water edges it runs actively on the mud, bill pointing downward and picking small aquatic animals time to time.

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Pallied Harrier (Circus macrourus)

An uncommon winter visitor to the marshes, paddy fields, Patana lands and open areas throughout the island. However It is more frequent in dry lowlands.  It is also an occasional loiter of the island and according to the Henry probably the commonest harrier that visit Sri Lanka which arrives August to November and spread all over the island, hills and low country alike (Henry G.M., 1988). Its food consists of lizards  grasshoppers  frogs and small birds etc. Above picture is of a juvenile bird and adult males have pale grey upper parts and females are brownish.

Black-winged Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus)

Common winter migrant to marshes, lagoons, paddy fields, tanks and salt-pans of dry lowlands. Rare in wet lowlands. It keeps singly or in small to large flocks often in association with Whiskered Terns to which it closely resemble and difficult to distinguished in non-breeding plumage though former is slightly smaller that latter. In breeding plumage Black-winged Tern become black head, body and under wing-coverts (Picture – spring moult). 

Great Egret/සුදු මහ කොකා/මහ සුදු කොකා[Sudu Maha Koka/Maha Sudu Koka] (Casmerodius alba)

Great Egret is a common breeding resident of dry lowlands and uncommon bird in wet zone while occasional visitor to the hills. It inhabits paddy fields, tanks, rivers, lagoons and mangroves mostly as solitary birds or few individuals sometime associates with other egrets. It feeds on fish, prawns, and other such aquatic animals as well as ground insects like grasshoppers. The breeding season is from December to May and it builds a nest – a shallow platform of sticks- placed in a tree by water, usually in company with other herons, egrets, cormorants etc. Breeding birds have black bills and bright bluish green lore and in non-breeding plumage bill yellow and lore dull pale green.

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Amber-winged Glider (Hydrobasileus croceus)

A very rare dragonfly recorded only once in Sri Lanka from the Kandy according to the Terrence de Fonseka (de Fonseka T., 2000). However 2012 National red list listed it under Near Threatened category probably due to records of more occurrences of it in the island than previously thought. Both sexes are similar and it can be easily identified by the amber color patch on the hind-wing. It is said that it breeds on weedy tanks and where males can be found waiting for females( de Fonseka T., 2000 quoting Fraser ). I have encountered two specimens on 16th February 2013 close to the Kalu River at Dombagaskandha forest reserve in Ingiriya. First one was flying about 2-3 m above the ground (Time - Around 1PM) close to a tributary of Kalu River. Second one was resting on a road side shrub during the evening (Time - Around 4 PM). 

Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia)

An uncommon breeding resident of lagoons, tanks and marshes in low country dry zone.  It usually lives as small flocks and feeds communally in shallow water on small aquatic animals such as tadpoles, dragonfly larva, etc and also some vegetable matters. It is more active at dusk and during the day time it spends resting either on an islet in a marsh or perch on a branch of a tree. The breeding season is from December to March and it nests in colonies in association with other large herons and egrets, on top of bushes or on a low branch of a tree near water in a lagoon or swamp. The nest is a pile of sticks where it lays 2-5 eggs. 

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Indian Silverbill/White-throated Munia (Lonchura malabarica)

An uncommon breeding resident found in grasslands, paddy fields and cultivation  mainly in arid coastal areas of low country dry zone in Mannar, Jaffna and Hambantota districts. Localized colonies sometimes also occur in other parts of the dry zone. It feeds on grass seeds, paddy etc. and usually occurs as small flocks of 10-12 birds but sometimes in larger numbers.  Its breeding season is from December to March. The nest is a ball of grass as that of other munias and where it lays 4 to 6 pure white eggs. 

Western Reef Egret (Egretta gularis)

Rare but regular winter migrant to the coastal lagoons, mangroves, estuaries and shores, mainly in the north. There is a 19^th century record of breeding of Western Reef Egret near Chilaw in May and June by Layard. But since then no such records and now it is considered as exclusively a winter visitor to the country. Western Reef Egret occurs as two color morphs: dark morph with dark ashy grey plumage and pale morph with pure white plumage [Closely resemble to the Little Egret but can be distinguished by shape and color of the bill] or white plumage with grey patches. It is usually a solitary bird or lives in pairs, but sometimes associates with flocks of Little Egrets. 

A sight record of Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) from Chavakachcheri - Jaffna

 Glossy Ibis is considered as a rare migrant to the lowland marsh lands, paddy fields, tanks and lagoons. It is restricted to the few wet land areas as small flocks during its winter migration in Sri Lanka. It feeds on worms, crustaceans, aquatic insects, frogs and such other small animals [and also it is said to be partial to water leeches (Henry G.M. 1998)] often as small flocks on shallow water with, head down nodding from side to side. It roosts communally in trees with other water birds. The breeding season is from March to July and it builds a rather small nest with sticks on trees near water usually as colonies. 

Distribution in Sri Lanka

In legge’s time (Last half of the 19^th century) Glossy Ibis was an inhabitant of tank-districts of the country and frequents the many tank edges such as Minery [Minneriya], Kanthelai etc. According to him it was also sometime abundance in the extream north and it was frequently seen on the tidal flats near the Jaffna town and at the mouth of the lake. On the eastern, north and north-western part of the island it inhabited shores of lagoons and estuaries. In Hanbantota district also it was found about the salterns and vicinity of tanks. Legge considered it as merely a resident bird and he believed that what migrants do come to Ceylon [Sri Lanka] probably scatter themselves round the north coast as far as Mullaittivu [Mulathivu] on the east, and perhaps Puttalam [Puttalama] on the west. (Legge W. V. 1880)

In March 1872 Legge found a breeding colony of about eight pairs in company with Open-billedstorks at Uduwila near Tissamaharama on thorny trees growing in the half-dried small tank bed. (Legge W. V. 1880)

While describing its distribution in the island W.E. Wait in 1931 also noted that it is a bird of tanks in the low country and lagoons of the north and east coasts. According to him also it was mainly a resident and commonest in the north where the numbers are probably augmented during the north-east monsoon by migrants (Wait W.E. 1931)

During avifaunal survey of Ceylon conducted jointly by the British and Colombo Museums from 1936 to 1939 Hugh Whistler did not encounter any bird or museum specimen and he described it as a rare resident of low country dry zone except apparently in the south-west from Chilaw to Tangalla, and found in large inland tanks and coastal lagoons. (Whistler H. 1944)

G.M. Henry in 1955 wrote “Nowadays, however, it must be considred – if present in Ceylon at all- as a very rare species in the island. I have never met with it….”.  Henry identified from Legge’s map the location of its 1872 breeding colony mentioned by Legge as Uduwila is actually the Wirawila of Hambantota district. (Henry G.M. 1955)

Considering distribution data of above authors Glossy Ibis is considered as a former breeding resident but become extinct in the island toward the end of 19^th century.  After long silent in 1965 two birds were seen again at Kalametiya and one bird was shot (Henry G.M. , 1988). In the subsequent years it was seen time to time in few locations in the southern part of the country such as Kalametiya, Bellanwila-Attidiya sanctuary, Dehiwela paddy fields etc. during the winter migration season and other times of the year as well.  In 1994/95 migrate season 81 birds were observed at Muthurajawela, and others were seen at Anaivilundawa Ramsar wetland (Henry G.M., 1988).  All of these sight records are considered as birds coming probably from Indian mainland. 

Observation

In a bird watching tour to Chavakachcheri area of Jaffna lagoon on 16^th March 2013 we could observe and photographed more than 20 birds from a pond like water hole in a paddy field (9°38.327'N, 80°08.430'E) about a kilometer distance from Thannikilappu junction of Jaffna – Mannar road (A32) toward Jaffna (See Map 1 and 2). Some birds were feeding and others resting during the observation period of about 10 minutes and our attempt to get a closer picture of them in an open area disturbed them and all of them flew away. Few juvenile birds were also noticed among adults with breeding plumage. 

Map 1

Map 2

Discussion 

According to available published sight records -  after 1968 Glossy Ibis has not been reported from wetland areas of Jaffna peninsula(See Table 1 for all recent published sight records of Glossy Ibis). Most of recent sight records of it after ‘rediscovery’ of mid 20^th century are mainly from Kalamatiya and Aththidiya and other close by wetlands of above two locations such as Bundala, Kotte, Muthurajawela etc. Wilpattu national park, Nawadankulama and Pinkatiya of Puttalam district, Mannar and Giant tank of Mannar district and probably Habarana are only exceptions.  Prevailing civil war situation since 1980s prevented most bird watchers visiting northern bird watching sites and it can be one reason of lacking observations from there.  What made them to revisit Jaffna peninsula again after nearly half a century  Are they breeding again in our lands? Further observation are needed to solve those matters especially in the areas with similar habitats in Jaffna peninsula. 

Published sight records of Glossy Ibis since 1952 are shown in Table 1 mostly base on Ceylon Bird Club notes published in Loris - Journal of Wildlife and Nature protections society of Sri Lanka.

 Table 1 - 

Year	Location	Number of Birds	Reference
1952	C. E. Norris observe it at Kalamatiya		Cameron, R., 1964
1963 September 11 to 16	Kalamatiya	1	Cameron, R., 1964
16th August 1963	Koholankala- Hambantota,	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1974
11th September 1963	Kalamatiya	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1974
19th January 1968	Sarasalai Jaffna	2	Hoffmann, T. W., 1974
2nd October 1969	Dematawila Wilpattu	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1974
1967? Or probably 1968 - January	Two birds appeared once in Jaffna but were not seen again	2	Cameron, R.Mcl.L., 1968
2nd  October 1969	Dematawillu of Wilpattu. Only record for this season	1	Cameron, R.Mcl.L., 1970
1970 – December	Kiula near Kalamatiya	3	Hoffmann, T. W., 1974
9th January 1971	Kiula near Kalamatiya	5	Hoffmann, T. W., 1974
1971 - January	Single bird captured at Kalamatiya, said to be one of 5 seen at Kiulla. 5 also observed in 1969 at the same place	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1974
1973 – Mid December to 1974 - July	At Dehiwela seen regularly.	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1974&  Hoffmann, T. W., 1975
1975  December	Observed at the Dehiwela paddy field.		Anon.,  1977
1976 December	Again seen at Mt. Lavinia		Hoffmann, T. W., 1977
1977 - first week of March	Once again observed at Dehiwela paddy field with full breeding plumage. It was not sighted afterward.		Anon.,  1977
1977 March	In breeding plumage was again sighted in the Dehiwela paddy fields. The last sighting there was in December 1973.	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1978
1978 June	Kalamatiya	2	Hoffmann, T. W., 1979
1980 January	2 at Kalamatiya [Sunil wikramasuriya recapitulates his own sightings at Kalamatiya as – 4 in Jan uary 1971, 2 in September 1978, 2 in January 1980  ]	2	Hoffmann, T. W., 1981
1982  january	10 have been seen regularly at Kalamatiya and continue to be seen at there	10	Hoffmann, T. W., 1983
1982 March	Kalamatiya	13	Hoffmann, T. W., 1983
1983 April	Kalamatiya	4	Hoffmann, T. W., 1984
1985 February	Malala lewaya		Hoffmann, T. W., 1986
1985 – November	Kalamatiya	9	Hoffmann, T. W., 1986
1986 January - December	Kalamatiya	Continued to be observed throughout the year in varying numbers.	Hoffmann, T. W., 1987
1986 - March	Bolgoda lake	3	Hoffmann, T. W., 1987
1986  January	3rd mid-winter waterfowl counted 4 from Tangalla-Ambalantota area.	4	Hoffmann, T. W.,1986a
1986 December	In a paddy field not far from new parliament at Kotte.	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1987
1987 January	Kalamatiya	3	Hoffmann, T. W., 1988
1987January 10/11	4th mid-winter waterfowl census counted 3 from Kalamatiya	3	Hoffmann, T. W., 1987a
1987 July	Bundala	7	Hoffmann, T. W., 1988
1987 September	Kalamatiya	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1988
1987 October	Kalamatiya	5	Hoffmann, T. W., 1988
1988 January	5th waterfowl census recorded no birds		Hoffmann, T. W., 1988a
1989 - January	Not a single bird was reported by 6th  waterfowl ccensus	0	Hoffmann, T. W., 1989
1989 October	At Kotte till December	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1989a
1990	7th annual waterfowl census in 1990 observed 5 glossy ibis after interval of several years in the south at Bundala.	5	Hoffmann, T. W., 1990
1990 October	Bellanwila	Initially only single bird and number increased to 4 and eventually to 8.  Never have so many been recorded from Colombo area.	Hoffmann, T. W., 1991
1990 December	7 at Kalamatiya, continue in the Bellanwila-Attidiya	7	Hoffmann, T. W., 1991
1991	8th waterfowl census reported 6 birds at Bellanwila and 5 at Kalamatiya	11	Hoffmann, T. W., 1991a
1991 January	Kalamatiya	5	Hoffmann, T. W., 1992
1991 February	6 bird still at Bellanwila since October 1990	6	Hoffmann, T. W., 1992
1991 September	Attidiya		Hoffmann, T. W., 1992
1993	10th waterfowl census recorded 26 birds	26	Hoffmann, T. W., 1993
1993 January	15 at Attidiya in some numbers present throughout the winter month till April. 11 at Kalamatiya.	26	Hoffmann, T. W., 1994
1993 September	Returned to Bellanwila	15	Hoffmann, T. W., 1994
1993 November	Flock at Bellanwila  increased to 34	34	Hoffmann, T. W., 1994
1993 July	Pinkattiya tank Battalu oya	11	Hoffmann, T. W., 1994
1994 January - March	Noted throughout the winter at Bellanwila and  in paddy fields in wider vicinity as well as at Muthurajawela at Ja-Ela, where as many as 83 birds were present from January to March	83+	Hoffmann, T. W., 1995
1994 - Second half of January	37 birds were counted during 11th  waterfowl census.	37	Hoffmann, T. W., 1994a
1994 Sep	Boralesgamuwa  [first arrival of the season]	5	Hoffmann, T. W., 1995
1995 January	Kalamatiya	13	Hoffmann, T. W., 1996
1995 September	Bellanwila	7	Hoffmann, T. W., 1996
1995 October	Bundala	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1996
1995 December	Bellanwila	In varying numbers (Maximum 38)	Hoffmann, T. W., 1996
1995 December	Kalametiya	2	Hoffmann, T. W., 1996
1996  January	13th annual waterfowl census counted 18 birds	18	Hoffmann, T. W., 1996a
1996 January	Kalamatiya	7	Hoffmann, T. W., 1997
1996 February	Thalangama	24	Hoffmann, T. W., 1997
1996 October	Attidiya	22	Hoffmann, T. W., 1997
1996 December	Bellanwila	48	Hoffmann, T. W., 1997
1997 February	Bellanwila	5	Hoffmann, T. W., 1999
1997 July	Habarana	1	Hoffmann, T. W., 1999
1999 January	5 at Mirijjawila and another 5 at Lunama.	10	Warakagoda, D., 2000
2000 – From first week of January to the first week of February	17th waterfowl census cnducted of 2000 counted only 2.	2	Gunawardena, K., 2000
2000 January	Kalamatiya		Senanayake, N., 2001
2000 November	Borelasgamuwa	15	Senanayake, N., 2001
2000 December	Over Nugegoda	1	Senanayake, N., 2001
2001 December	Weligatta	16	Siriwardana, U., 2002
2002 – Mid January to mid February	Observed in the 19th waterfowl census		Siriwardana, U., 2002a
2002 January	Kalamatiya	14	Siriwardana, U., 2003
2002 February	Mannar		Siriwardana, U., 2003
2002 September	2 at Nawadankulama and 2 at Bellanwila	4	Siriwardana, U., 2003
2002 November	Hungama		Siriwardana, U., 2003
2002 December	Kalamatiya		Siriwardana, U., 2003
2003 – Mid January to Mid February	Observed during 2003 waterbird census		Siriwardana, U., 2003a
2003 January	Hungama	8-10	Warakagoda, D., 2004
2003 February	Debarawewa		Warakagoda, D., 2004
2003 May	Giant tank	30-40	Warakagoda, D., 2004
2004 - Mid January to late February	Reported from Kalamatiya and Mannar during the 2004 waterbird census.		Siriwardana, U., 2004
2004 January	Giant tank	3	Siriwardana, U., 2005
2004 February	Hungama	9	Siriwardana, U., 2005
2004 December	Borelasgamuwa	c.25	Siriwardana, U., 2005
2005 February	Bundala National Park		Siriwardana, U. & Warakagoda D
2005 October	Thalangama wetland	7	Siriwardana, U. & Warakagoda D
2006 September	Pillewa	6	Siriwardana, U., 2007
2012 July 8	Embilikala, Bundala	59	http://www.ceylonbirdclub.org/the_ceylon_bird_club_news.php

References and Bibliography

Anon., 1977 The Glossy Ibis Loris 14 (4) 243
Cameron, R.., 1964 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club. June, 1963 to March, 1964 Loris 10 (1), 
71-72

Cameron, R.Mcl.L., 1968 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club - 1967/68. Loris.11(3):153-154.

Cameron, R.Mcl.L., 1970 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club -1969/70 Loris 12 (1), 62-63

Gunawardena, K., 2000 The 2000 waterfowl census in Sri Lanka Loris, 22 (4), 25-26.            

Hoffmann, T. W., 1974. Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club 1970-1973. Loris, 13(4), 211-214.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1975. Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club, 1974. Loris, 13(5), 275-276.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1977 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club 1976 Loris 14 (3) 154 - 156

Hoffmann, T. W., 1978 Bird Club Notes. Loris, 14 (5), 289-290.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1979 Note from the Ceylon Bird club 1978. Loris, 15 (1), 6-8.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1981 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club 1980. Loris, 15 (5), 283-284,292.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1983 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club – 1982 Loris 16 (3), 132-134

Hoffmann, T. W., 1984 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club 1983. Loris, 16 (6), 299-301.

Hoffmann, T. W. (1986). Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club 1985. Loris, 17(3), 99-101.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1986a  The 3^rd Mid-winter waterfwl (Duck) count in Sri Lanka (January 1986) Loris 17 (4), 142-144

Hoffmann, T. W., 1987 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club 1986. Loris, 17 (5), 209-210

Hoffmann, T. W., 1987a The fourth mid-winter waterfowl census in Sri Lanka (January -1987) Loris 17 (6) 233 - 235

Hoffmann, T. W., 1988a The 5^th waterfowl census in Sri Lanka (January 1988) Loris 18 (2) 80-82

Hoffmann, T. W., 1989 The 1989 Waterfowl Census in Sri Lanka. Loris, 18 (4), 160-164.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1989a  The Ceylon Bird Club A brief avifaunal survey – 1989 Lors 18 (3), 129-131

Hoffmann, T. W., 1990 The 1990 Waterfowl census in Sri Lanka. Loris, 19 (1), 38-41.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1991. Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club, 1990. Loris, 19 (3), 103-105

Hoffmann, T. W., 1991a 1991 Waterfowl censud in Sri Lanka Loris 19 (4), 147-152

Hoffmann, T. W., 1992 Notes from the Ceylon Bird Club, 1991 Loris 19 (5), 171 - 173

Hoffmann, T. W., 1993 The 1993 Waterfowl census in Sri Lanka. Loris 20 (2), 49-51

Hoffmann, T. W., 1994 Bird Club Notes, 1993. Loris, 20 (3), 107-109

Hoffmann, T. W., 1994a The 1994 Waterfowl census in Sri Lanka Loris 20 (4) 180-184

Hoffmann, T. W., 1995 Bird Club notes, 1994 Loris, 20 (5), 226-228.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1996 Ceylon Bird Club Notes 1995. Loris, 21 (1), 16-18.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1996a The 1996 Waterfowl census in Sri Lanka Loris 21(2) 42-44

Hoffmann, T. W., 1997 Ceylon Bird Club Notes 1996. Loris, 21 (3), 112-113.

Hoffmann, T. W., 1999 Ceylon Bird Club notes, 1997 Loris 22 (1), 57-58.

Senanayake, N., 2001 Report from the Ceylon Bird Club for 2000. Loris, 22 (5), 43-44

Siriwardana, U., 2002 Report from the Ceylon Bird Club for 2001. Loris, 23 (1&2), 36-40

Siriwardana, U., 2002a The 2001 Waterbird census of Sri Lanka 23 (1&2), 40-41

Siriwardana, U., 2003 Report from the Ceylon Bird Club for 2002 Loris, 23 (3&4) 36-39

Siriwardana, U., 2003a The 2003 Waterbird Census in Sri Lanka. Loris, 23 (3&4), 32-35

Siriwardana, U., 2004 The 2004 Waterbird census in Sri Lanka Loris, 23 (5&6), 42-43

Siriwardana, U., 2005 Report from the Ceylon Bird Club for 2004 Loris 24 (1&2), 33-35

Siriwardana, U. & Warakagoda D., 2006 Report from the Ceylon Bird Club for 2005 Loris 24 (3&4) 24-28

Siriwardana, U., 2007 Report of the Ceylon Bird Club 2006 Loris, 24 (5 & 6), 50-56

Warakagoda, D., 2000 Report from the Ceylon Bird Club for 1999. Loris, 22 (4), 23-25.

Warakagoda, D., 2004 Report from the Ceylon Bird Club for 2003 Loris, 23 (5&6), 37-41

Harrison, J. 2011. A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. (2nd edition). New York:Oxford University Press.

Henry G.M.  1998 A Guide to the birds of Sri Lanka. (3rd edition). Delhi:Oxford University Press.

Kotagama, S., Ratnavira, G. 2010. An illustrated Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Legge 1880 A History of the birds of Ceylon 1983 second edition. Tisara Publishers.

Wait, W.E. 1931 Manual of the Birds of Ceylon. 2nd edition. Colombo: Colombo museum.

Warakagoda, D., Inskipp, C., Inskipp, T. & Grimmett, R. 2012. Helm Field Guides - Birds of Sri Lanka. Christopher Helm, London.

Whistler, H. 1944 The Avifaunal survey of Ceylon conducted jointly by the British and Colombo museums, Checklist of the Birds of Sri Lanka Spolia Zeylanica 23: 119-321

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